29 Improv Opening Lines to Try

29 Improv Opening Lines to Try Here are 29 opening lines- improv starters- to get two-person improvisations jump-started. Each line is created to give the student actors a sense of the characters and setting for an improvised scene. Directions: Print this page and cut the paper into strips- one line per strip.Put the strips into a â€Å"hat†- a container.Assemble student actors into groups of two scene partners.Explain that one student actor per pair will pick a slip that has an opening line printed on it. That student actor will need to read and memorize the opening line, but will not reveal the line to his or her scene partner- yet. This line will be the first line spoken in the pair’s improv.Have one member of each pair pick a line out of the hat and memorize it.Remind student actors of the classroom improvisation guidelines.Have each pair present their improv.Hold a brief reflection on each improv- â€Å"What can you praise?† â€Å"What might they polish?† Opening Lines Excuse me, ma’am. I need to return this shirt for a refund.Miss, I am afraid I did not order a hot dog for dinner.Look, I know you hate this, but we need at least one good photo of you.So, Jordan, please explain why Paul’s homework was in your backpack.Officer, please, no! Don’t give me a speeding ticket!Do you think Mother would like this crown or the silver one?Oh! It is such an honor to meet you! Could I get your autograph for my daughter?Sir, your suitcase will not fit in the overhead bin.I think our cheer needs a better jump and some words that rhyme with team.Ladies and Gentlemen, please welcome today’s guest- Pat Perkins- an expert on how to organize your desk!Look, my muscles are killing me! Can’t we take a break from this workout?Just rip the paper off! I can’t wait for you to see this totally unique gift!Excuse me, ma’am. Is that dinosaur skeleton real or is it just a model?Well, this is what we’ve been training for- t he Olympics! Are you ready to earn that gold medal?I think these shoes make my feet look far too big. Please get me a different pair. Ugh! All the other parents let their kids see PG-13 movies! You’ve just got to let me go!All you have to do is step-kick-step-kick-step-kick. Now try it with me.Behind us is the U.S. Capitol Building, and over there, you’ll see the Washington Monument.It’s just a little tattoo on my arm! Dad has one! I don’t see why you are so upset!Mr. Higgins, please tell our viewers how you plan to spend your lottery winnings!I understand you were an eyewitness to the skateboard theft. Please tell our viewers what you saw.Oh, I am so sorry, but pumpkin spice latte season ended yesterday! What other drink can I get you?Did you honestly think that a trail of breadcrumbs would help us find our way out of the forest and back to our house?Stop right there. You are not leaving this house dressed like that!Halt right there! You are not leaving this palace dressed like that!Your teacher tells me that your classroom behavior is inappropriate. What is your side of the story?I am so sorry, but your credit card has been declined. I’ll need another form of payment. O  woe! O pity! There is no way we shall ever reach the castle by dark!Ew! I thought you said you could cook!

How Social Factors Influence Decisions

How Social Factors Influence Decisions Free Online Research Papers Question: Individual choices take place within a broader social spectrum – that is, within society. How do social factors influence an individual’s decision about whether to marry or remain single? Answer: Social factors play large influences in almost every kind of decision people make. The decision to stay single or to get married is very heavily affected by social factors. For example people may reach a certain age and feel like they should be married by that age. When the station manager where I work turned 30 years of age, he became really depressed because he had not married and not been able to start a family. Within two years, he is now married with a child on the way. An argument could be made that because he felt like he wasn’t like everyone else socially that he made a choice off of those differences, or social pressures, he felt. The textbook points out the changing attitudes of people in the United States towards marriage. It states in a quote from Peter Stein that â€Å"people are moving away from marriage and family norms as these norms conflict with the potentials for individual development and personal growth.† Marriage is now seen more of as an ideal situation rather than the only suitable situation. This permits more acceptance to a person who remains single. Today people who remain single are not seen as deviants of society, as they had been in the earlier part of this century. The textbook states that â€Å"by the late 1970s, three quarters of those interviewed in one national poll considered it normal to be unmarried.† Also, there is less pressure from parents to marry than in the past, although the textbook states that â€Å"many American parents remain vexed when their offspring approach a 30th birthday without at least one marriage in the record.† Still, this is a chan ge that at the least allows people to stay single while being socially accepted for a longer time. Most of the recent increase in singlehood results from the return of the average age of first marriage to a much higher age than in that of the middle of this century. Society now sees it as normal for people to get married at an older age and so people are staying single longer. Social factors will always influence people’s decisions about whether to marry or stay single, but the choices will be different depending on what position society takes in a given time period. In our current time period, singleness is accepted enough to where it is a viable way of life and so more people are choosing it. Research Papers on How Social Factors Influence DecisionsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicQuebec and Canada

You are required to evaluate the role of finance director in an Essay

You are required to evaluate the role of finance director in an organisation of your choice - Essay Example ere are specific roles of finance directors such as strategic planning of financial future of organizations, overseeing and ensuring proper controls within the organization and making sound financial decisions such as investment decisions. This essay explains and evaluates a detail official description of the role of finance director in McDonald and comparison of the description to that found in at least three different job adverts. According to Sawers (2009), Finance director at McDonald provides insight across all business functions and works closely with other finance related departments especially marketing and supply chain and further supports the company’s franchisees by building projection tools. Finance director advices on financing options, optimizes business plans, sets, and monitors financial and other targets (Sawers, 2014). Finance directors ensures rigorous project management discipline and works closely with product and marketing teams to finance the launch of activities and further evaluates, measures and monitors performance against financial and other targets. Finance department is at the heart of McDonald Company, incorporating many functions that go beyond its traditional financial reporting role. McDonald’s Finance director ensures that the organization maximizes its strategic abilities by shifting the emphasis of their accounting and finance functions to integrate evaluation of past performance and appraisal of future opportunities (Ionescu, 2010). McDonald uses integrated accounting and finance function that extends from the restaurant floor up to the board of directors and every individual subsidiary restaurant is structured as an independent business responsible for its financial performance (Sawers, 2009). Finance director therefore oversees financial performance of individual McDonald restaurants across the world and further ensures that centralized Accounting and Finance functions are undertaken. Moreover, McDonald’s Finance

Hummingbird Effect Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hummingbird Effect Paper - Essay Example However, majority of these innovations possesses what is known as the causality effect where the results are virtually unknown. Each of the activities is connected and it is just important that we are able to predict the outcomes and create measures to prevent destruction. The Hummingbird effect is the kind of effect that is felt in relation to recent technological innovation that has been said to cause a positive change on one of the areas while a great negative effect is likely to take place in a completely different area. In this case, it refers to the sense that the innovations that are done in one field are likely to have unintended impacts on another. It is different from the butterfly effect in the sense that it is random and unpredictable. Therefore, it refers to the fact that one technological innovation can lead to the development of a chain of many others in different sectors. The adjacent possibilities take place in the form of finding solutions from the initial innovations when you are not looking for one. For instance, with the advent of the use of computers and the internet, people have been able to communicate in a faster and better way. However, there is also the issue of privacy, security and internet theft among other components (Jo hnson, 2014). In order to experience the best effects of the hummingbird effect, there are a number of technological factors and infrastructure that are required to enable its commercialization. Some of these include security software that will prevent the access of the privacy information of individuals in different sites (Johnson, 2014). It will also include training of the relevant personnel on security issues. In addition, the use of spyware will enable the entrepreneurs to make the predictions at the right time. In case, the hummingbird effects set in before time, they are likely to knock them over and affect the operations of different activities. The realization of the effects too late also leads to the

Mrketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mrketing - Essay Example My concept of mrketing is close to the definition by CIM tht looks not only t identifying customer needs, but lso stisfying them (short-term) nd nticipting them in the future (long-term retention). In its most generic form, I define mrketing s mrketing seen s reltionships, networks nd interction or mrketing bsed on interction within network of reltionships. In the brodest sense of mrketing, ll mngement, the whole society, nd even life itself, form networks of reltionships within which we interct in our roles of business executives, employees, consumers, citizens nd humn beings. Collbortion. The core contribution from mrketing is its emphsis on collbortion. In nrrow sense it comprises the collbortion between customer nd supplier. This hs lwys been prcticl necessity for services nd for the development, production, mrketing nd purchsing of complex products in business mrketing. Its prctice, however, is often unprofessionl nd guided by legl-bureucrtic vlues nd lck of empthy. Its introduction in theory nd eduction is long overdue. Tody, severl sources independent of reltionship mrketing stress collbortion. Collbortion is the very reson for forming n orgniztion; you collborte inside nd compete outside. In totl reltionship mrketing you both collborte nd compete, inside s well s outside the orgniztion. Long reltionships. Long reltionships. series of studies clim tht the longer the reltionship with customer, the higher the profit will be. This is primrily due to two effects of customer loylty: reduced mrketing costs when fewer customers defect; nd incresed 'customer shre' or 'shre of wllet' ( higher shre of the customer's purchse of product or service goes to single supplier). Long reltionships re lso needed inside the orgniztion. Win-win. Effective collbortion in long-term reltionship cn only tke plce if the prties feel like winners, or t lest tht they gin from the reltionship nd tht it is their best option under current circumstnces. It requires ech prty to think of the other prty s prtner rther thn s n

Structure And Function Of The Heart Physical Education Essay

Structure And Function Of The Heart Physical Education Essay The cardiovascular system is a very complex and unique system. The main structures of the cardiovascular system include the heart, blood, and blood vessels arteries, capillaries and veins. It is a system that allows all nutrients such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph, gases, hormones, and blood cells to pass throughout the body, these all aid in the process of fighting diseases, stabilizing body temperature and maintaining homeostasis. Coronary, pulmonary and systemic circulations are the systems that allow blood to be pumped throughout the body, coronary circulation is the system that allows blood to be pumped through the heart, pulmonary circulation is the system that pumps blood through to the lungs and the systemic circulation which is the system that pumps the blood around the rest of the body and to the remaining organs. As humans we have a closed cardiovascular system which means the blood never leaves the circulation of the blood vessels. The coronary circulation is part of the systemic circulation by definition it supplies blood to muscles- muscles of the heart (myocardium), however it is the only system to provide the heart with blood. The blood comes from the aorta and filters through into the right atrium. If the heart didnt receive the blood supply, it would cause severe tissue damage. The pulmonary circulation uses the pulmonary artery to take de-oxygenated blood away from the heart through to the lungs which is where the blood is then oxygenated. The de-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve and then from there it flows into the right ventricle, here it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs is where the gas exchange takes place, where the CO2 is released and the blood then absorbs oxygen. This is the stage when the pulmonary vein returns the freshly oxygenated blood to the heart. The systemic circulation on the other hand takes the oxygenated blood from the heart and transports it throughout the rest of the body except from the lungs. The system then provides all other organs with the oxygenated blood, the circulation then returns all of the de-oxygenated blood back to the heart for the process to start all over again. The systemic circulation is a much lengthier system than the pulmonary circulation due to transporting blood all over the body. (1)The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body. The blood circuit is flows in the shape of a figure of 8. There are two loops to this circuit. The top loop carries the blood from the heart to the lungs and back (the pulmonary circulation). The bottom loop carries the blood from the heart all over the body (systemic circulation). The 4 main stages of the cardiac cycle are: Atrial Diastole -which is where the top chamber (atria) relaxes and fills with blood from the veins Atrial Systole- where the atria contracts and blood is forced into the relaxing bottom chambers which are otherwise known as ventricles Ventricular systole- which is where the ventricles contract and blood is forced out of the heart in to the arteries. Ventricular diastole -when the ventricles relax and become ready for the next pump cycle. The circulatory system also consists of the lymphatic system; this is a non-closed system that carries a clear liquid called lymph towards the heart and allows an average of 20 litres of blood per day through capillary filtration which removes plasma while leaving the erythrocytes. Around 17 litres of filtered plasma get reabsorbed into the blood vessels; however 3 litres are then left behind in the interstitial fluid. The main role of the lymph system is to provide an auxiliary route for the extra 3 litres to return to the blood. (4) The lymphatic system has multiple interrelated functions: it is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues it absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system it transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones The lymph transports antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated. There are three main blood vessels in the cardiovascular system, these are the arteries, veins and capillaries; arteries are responsible for carrying the blood away from the heart, they are made up of a thick elastic muscular wall, which is capable of stretching as blood is being pumped through at a high pressure. The muscle walls are able to contract to force the blood along through the arteries. Veins are made up of a much thinner, less muscular wall compared to the arteries. The blood in the veins is under considerably much lower pressure compared to the blood in the arteries, this is because arteries need higher pressure in order to deliver the oxygenated blood to the arterioles, capillaries, other organs and tissues and to also prevent the back flow of blood, veins dont require this high pressure because the de-oxygenated blood can travel from the tissues to the heart through the veins with the help of the muscle contractions. One of the functions of the veins is to ensure that the blood doesnt flow back towards the heart, veins contain valves every few centimetres along, this helps them push the blood in one direction. However muscle contraction and relaxation can also occur to help squeeze the walls of the veins to help the blood flow back towards the heart when necessary. You can use a stethoscope to hear pulmonary circulation. The sounds that are audible are the ventr icles contracting and the valves closing. Capillaries are the smallest of all the blood vessels they have a wall that is one cell thick, capillaries connect the arterioles and venules this is where all the exchange of nutrients and gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs- through the capillary surfaces. Leucocytes are able to leave our capillaries in order to digest any micro-organisms that could be a potential threat or disease. Arteries, veins and capillaries are all blood vessels of the body and all of them are routes for the blood to pass through to provide their functions. They all contain tunica externa, tunica media and tunica intima. Blood is carried away from the heart via the arteries and the blood returns to the heart through the veins. Our circulatory system is a transport system the carries our blood, oxygen and waste products to and from our bodys cells in order for our bodies to functions. (2) During systemic circulation, blood passes through the kidneys. This phase of systemic circulation is known as renal circulation. During this phase, the kidneys filter much of the waste from the blood. Blood also passes through the small intestine during systemic circulation. This phase is known as portal circulation. During this phase, the blood from the small intestine collects in the portal vein which passes through the liver. The liver filters sugars from the blood, storing them for later When it comes to heat regulation in order to keep cool our capillaries are capable of forcing the blood supply to the surface of the skin, this allows the air to reach the blood and to cool it more easily, and sweating is also induced as part of the heart regulation. However when trying to keep warm our capillaries work hard in order to reduce the blood at the skin surface and sweating is also reduced. This is known as vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Heat regulation is one of the key functions of the circulatory system as well as many other functions. Signals along nerves from the hypothalamus control both vasodilation and vasoconstriction. It is necessary for the human body to have vasodilation and vasoconstriction as it regulates the bodys blood pressure, by constricting and releasing the vessels to allow more or less blood through, for example whilst exercising our heart and breathing rates increase and blood vessels in our limbs dilate in order to deliver more oxygenated blood to our working muscle cells. (3) Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries and small arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels. The process is particularly important in staunching haemorrhage and acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus, retaining body heat or increasing vascular resistance Our blood that is carried around in our cardiovascular system is responsible for maintaining its levels in many advance ways. For example haemostasis is a complex chain reaction that produces the blood to clot this is otherwise known as coagulation. The body clots in two different ways, there is the normal clot which is a good formation that stops bleeding, and there is also a thrombus which is bad as it can block the blood vessels. The endothelium is the cells that create the vessel wall. When the endothelium becomes damaged, for example, when a cut breaks through the wall, collagen fibres then start to appear. These collagen fibres are a protein that is vital for the structure of the vessel wall, these fibres then allow platelets to attach themselves, these are produced from precursor megakaryocytes, its these platelets that lead to the formation of blood clots. The platelets become activated and begin to release a chemical called Thromboxane A2 which calls on more platelets to the area. Fibrin, which is the insoluble form of the soluble protein fibrinogen, is then converted by thrombin. The fibrin begins to appear and layers on top of the platelets which start to fuse them together. This fibrin helps the clot form as the red blood cells stick to the fibrin. This process then repeats until the clot is fully formed. This process is important for the cardiovascular system, this is because the average human contains around 4.7 to 5.7 litres of blood, if around 30%-40% of this is lost it could prove fatal or cause severe damage. The blood the is carried around the cardiovascular system, is made of erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets and plasma which is mainly water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, vitamins, electrolytes, dissolved gases, and cellular wastes. Erythrocytes contain a globular protein called haemoglobin which allows oxygen to bind to it; this allows the erythrocytes to transport oxygen throughout the body and organs. The haemoglobin molecule is made up of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 containing 141 amino acids and 2 containing 146, attached to each polypeptide chain is a molecule that contains iron and is known as a haem, the function of this molecule is to absorb oxygen until it is fully saturated. Carbon dioxide however binds to the amino acids and not the erythrocytes, this means that is binding to the proteins and not the haem.

Leadership Development in South Riding Council

Leadership Development In South Riding Council Leadership skills development is often a neglected area in local councils across the I-J. South Riding Council has sought to address this issue through establishing its own local leadership institute. The council, like all other local authorities, is facing the challenge of developing the leaders of tomorrow within a turbulent operating environment.The recruitment and retention of key staff is not easy in an area hit by a long-term decline in the local economy, following the decline In traditional and manufacturing Industries Like coal mining, ship building and steel making. The quality and performance of leadership within the council was highlighted in the findings of several external audits covering education provision and overall council performance against key indicators. These audits, conducted within a three year period in the mid asses, concluded that the council was lacking in strategic direction.At the end of the decade a simila r message was being repeated by Audit Commission inspectors during the first statutory comprehensive performance assessment (CPA). The resultant Impact on the organization cannot be overstated – staff morale plummeted and turnover increased with the loss of organizational knowledge being a major outcome. Internal staff surveys indicated that the lack of strategic leadership was felt acutely by council staff as well as being identified by external bodies.Human Resource Development in general was considered weak with staff reporting a lack of direction In career management and poor professional development provision. Deputy Chief Executive Kevin Harper commented that: our changing environment aught us out – we were reacting to uncontrollable circumstances. This highlighted a weakness generally in strategic leadership across the council. We need to retain key staff and improve our talent management programmers. We can ‘ t Just rely on staff replacement to keep the c ouncil running so we need to think about staff development and growing our own. Central to this vision was improving leadership and management skills. A new HER strategy was launched in 2009 with leadership Improvement Its key component. The strategy committed South Ruling Council to establishing an organization wide framework to develop leadership skills at political and senior managerial levels' . More recently, the council has invested time and money in shorter-term projects to enhance desired leadership skills. The latest initiative has been the creation off leadership institute. The Leadership Institute (Al) was launched in 2010 in conjunction with a local higher education provider.It ‘s focus Is on Improving management and leadership skills throughout the organization to lad succession planning. Commenting on the Al Initiative Harper said: There Is always plenty of hidden talent in a local council. People may be doing amazing things outside work, but because they are not properly engaged at work their potential is not fully realized. The Al has established a one year learning programmer based on current issues in local government leadership. The programmer includes a range of teaching and learning methods from ‘master classes' on topics such as sessions on staff engagement and organizational commitment.The programmer also involves one-to-one mentoring, group coaching and individual action learning work. The L', although a recent development, has seen promising early returns on the investment of time and money. Sickness and absence levels are falling and levels of satisfaction in leadership are rising. The clearest indication of improvement can be seen in the most recent statutory performance assessment results. The council is now rated as four-star, excellent and improving strongly in the process, rather than a fair' rating in the 2006.Harper comments: ‘The Council still has some way to go and we are not complacent but initial signs are encouraging. Leaders now feel supported ND more confident in their capacity to make decisions and staff know they are being listened to. The leadership institute will continue to help with this development. ‘ Peter Rickrack, the council's innovation manager – a rank Just below head of service level – is part of the council's leadership institute. He has seen an immediate impact on his practice and adds: ‘It is a fantastic chance for people to learn about their own leadership style and how they can develop this.No-one on the programmer is expecting promotion Just because we are on this, but we know it will help us make he most of our talents and careers. ‘ Keith Harper has overseen the Al from its inception and works closely with the council's organizational development team. The Al has cost approximately in its first year but the savings alone in staff absence reduction mean that the Al will break even financially. Harper knows however that the major challenge will be overcoming the traditional organizational culture and bringing on staff who may not easily identify themselves with a leadership role.The Al is partly aimed at unlocking hidden potential, but most of the antedates have so far come from senior positions. He said: ‘We were hoping to get people from all levels and it is something we will be looking to do more in the future†¦ We know there are a lot of talented people out there who are still not being reached. Please consider the following: 1. Outline and discuss how the South Riding Council approach to leadership development maps on to the major trends in leadership development. 2. Critically analyses the potential benefits and drawbacks of this leadership development approach for the Council.

Translation of image in metaphor

The present study Is an attempt to Investigate the translation of image In metaphors. In translation of metaphor, It Is necessary to start with Investigating the concept of metaphor. So the definition of metaphor and different kinds of metaphor are presented. Imagery is a key concept in metaphor that helps the reader to visualize and experience the author's writing. Different type of imagery also presented. Then translation of metaphors ,including cognitive approach, is considered. At last the translation of metaphor in Persian poetry is investigated.Introduction Translation plays an essential role in transferring message from one culture to another (Batavia,2008). Deference between SSL and TTL can sometimes pose challenges in the process of translation. One of these challenges is the translation of metaphor. Metaphors can become a translation problem, since transferring from one language and culture to another Is difficult. â€Å"Translation of metaphor will be always seen as probl ematic, no matter which approach to metaphor Is chosen† (Olivier, 1998:5).Literature review There are no Instructions for devising metaphors; there Is no manual for determining hat a metaphor â€Å"means† or â€Å"says†; there is no test for metaphor that does not call for taste. A metaphor implies a kind and degree of artistic success; there are no unsuccessful metaphors There are tasteless metaphors, but these are turns that nevertheless have brought something off, even if it were not worth bringing off or could have been brought off better. (Davidson 29) According to Adage(1987:77) â€Å"metaphor presents a particularly searching tests of the translator's ability'.Furthers Olivier (1998:5) claims: â€Å"the translation of metaphor (†¦ ) Is problematic no matter which approach to metaphor is chosen†. Degrees of translatability of metaphor are classified as follows: 1 . Metaphors are untranslatable: the advocates of this are Nadia, Avian and Darlene , and Adage. They believe that translation creates a different metaphor In the target language. 2. Metaphors are fully translatable: Sloppier, Reels and Mason claim that there is no problem in metaphor translation. Metaphor is translated as a new metaphor in target language. 3.Metaphors are translatable but pose a degree of interlinguas in equivalence: Van Den Broke, Arabian Olivarez, Tour and Newark have this view. 4. Conciliatory approach: Snell Horny said that he text type determine the range of rendering. Mandible(1 995) focus on the translator's reaction time to show differences in the translation of SCM ( similar mapping condition) and the DIM ( different mapping condition). The work of other theorists like Coves(2005), AH Hosannas(2007), Male(2008) and Rainmakers and Gaur(2010) are all product-oriented, show that translation products depend on SCM and DIM.The common basis between all of these studies Is that â€Å"the more the two languages conceptualize metaphors In a salar y way. The easier the task of translation will be. Also some research have been done In relevance to the effect of translation on metaphor by Schaeffer(2004) and Starriest(1993). Towboats (1993: has to be culture specific, thus presenting what amounts to often insurmountable problems for translation, which is by definition a transactional process. Schaeffer (2004): Discussed some implications for a cognitive theory of metaphor to translating metaphor without trying to draw a theory or a model. Dickens (2005): Simplified Model, Full Model, a reworking of Newark in terms of legalized and non- legalized metaphors, where Arabic-English translation of metaphor is reduced to exuberance and congruence. First, it is claimed that if two languages have radically different conceptual systems, then translation from one language to the other is impossible.Second, it is often claimed that if translation is impossible, then speakers of one language cannot understand the other language. Third, it i s often claimed that if the languages have different conceptual systems, then someone who speaks one language will be unable to learn the other language because he lacks the right conceptual system. Fourth, to confuse matters further, it is sometimes claimed that since people â€Å"can† learn idiotically different languages, those languages couldn't have different conceptual systems (Alaska, 1987: 311). What is metaphor? According to Newark metaphor is † any figurative expression: the transferred sense of a physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a word or collocation to what is doesn't literally denote, to describe one thing in terms of another. † He also introduces the polygamous words and English phrasal verb as metaphor. Most people think that metaphor is used only in the literature and is a feature of language. They introduce metaphor as â€Å"matter of words instead of thought r action†. But metaphors are used in every day conversation, in language, in thought and in action.George Alaska claims that â€Å"our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical nature. † Tall metaphor is described in two senses: in narrow sense, metaphor is figure of speech, one thing is described in terms of another. So metaphor is the combination of three components: tenor(object), vehicle(image), ground(sense) and is described as a resemblance between image and object. To explain more, we can say that the tenor and vehicle are connected by a verb that creates resemblance. The verb â€Å"to be† is often used to say the tenor is the vehicle.In broad sense metaphor is explained as what Newark define metaphor. In this broad sense metaphor is the relation between mind and cognition. From historical point of view, metaphor is a Greek word for transport and is defined as a transportation of concepts from its normal location to a new location. In the past, me taphor was figure of speech or form of figurative language that defined in terms of aesthetic and rhetorical points. It has been analyzed in term of components (image, object, sense) and types (dead, click, recent†¦ ). But nowadays, metaphor is seen in perspective of conceptualization and idealization.So the cognitive conceptual stylistic approaches are chosen. Metaphor is similar to simile. In simile A is like B, but in metaphor â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† are not used. It means that in simile the comparison stated explicitly, while in metaphor and simile depends on this point of similarity between topic and image. This implicit similarity may be understood from context. Different type of metaphor Newark expresses six types of metaphor. 1 . Dead metaphor: â€Å"Dead metaphors are metaphors where one is hardly conscious of he image, frequently relate to universal terms of space and time, the main part of body and main human activity. In translation of dead metaphor the same image is transferred. â€Å"An example of a dead metaphor would be the ‘body of an essay. ‘ In this example, ‘body' was initially an expression that drew on the metaphorical image of human anatomy applied to the subject matter in question. 2. Click metaphor: â€Å"Click metaphors are metaphors that have outlived their usefulness , that are used as substitute for clear thought , often emotively , but without corresponding to the facts of matter. Different image is made from SSL to TTL. Absence makes the heart grow fonder is a proverb click.Achilles heel is an allusion click. Acid test is an idiom click. Age before beauty is a catchphrase click. Alive and kicking is a doublet click. Avoid like the plague is a simile click 3. Stock or standard metaphor: Stock or standard metaphor is an â€Å"established metaphor which in an informal context is an efficient and conscious method of covering a physical or mental situation both referentially and pragmatically and which is not deadened by overuse. † In translation of standard metaphor the same image must be constructed n TTL. 4.Adapted metaphor: This type of metaphor â€Å"is actually a stock metaphor that has been adapted into a new context by its speaker or writer(fleetness' of a stock metaphor has been adapted or personalized in some way)† It can be translated by an equivalent adapted metaphor. 5. Recent metaphor: â€Å"This type of metaphor is produced through coining; they are often ‘anonymously' coined†. Recent metaphors should be translated using continental analysis. 6. Original metaphor: â€Å"Original metaphors, are created or quoted by the SSL writer or speaker usually to make discourse more interesting and often used to highlight particular points. Translator has some choices: literal translation, reduction to sense or modification of the metaphor. Alaska and Johnson determine 3 type of metaphor under the title of conceptual metaphor: 1 . Orientation metaphor: spatial orientation (up-down, in-out) is the concern. For example: happy is up. Sad is down: I'm feeling up today. He's really low these days. 2. Ontological metaphor: an abstraction such as emotion and ideas is replaced by a concrete thing such as object, substance or entity. In this definition some words need some explanation.Entity is made when an abstraction is replaced by concrete physical object. For example, the mind is represented as a machine: my mind Just isn't operating today. When abstraction is represented as material, substance is made. For example: there was a lot of good sprinting in the race. Container is one ontological metaphor: when one concept is shown as something that has outside and inside, and holds something else. For instance: get the most out of life. 3. Structural metaphor: this is a conventional metaphor in which one basic domain of experience is transferred to another basic domain.This is the most complex metaphor. For example: argument is w ar, so we can say: your claims are indefensible. The conventional metaphor in this definition is a metaphor that is used in everyday example: if life is a Journey so we can say: it's time to get on with your life. George Alaska represents another type of metaphor that is called image metaphor. According to Alaska â€Å"image metaphor maps conventional mental image onto other conventional mental image by virtue of their internal structure. † Image metaphor is different from conceptual metaphor.Some metaphors are used in advertising slogans, so they are o common and convert to something that is used in every day conversations. For example consider the metaphor of â€Å"life is a Journey' â€Å"Life is a Journey, travel it Airlines) â€Å"Life is a Journey. Enjoy the Ride. â€Å"(Ionians) â€Å"Life is a Journey. Enjoy the ride with a GM reward card. â€Å"(General Motors) â€Å"Life's a Journey–travel light†(Hugo Boss Perfume) Some metaphors used in the lyri cs. For example: Life's a Journey not a destination And I Just can't tell Just what tomorrow brings. From the album A Little South of Sanity) Poets use metaphor in poems. A common poem by the use of â€Å"life is a Journey† is The Road Not Taken† from Robert Frost: Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. Then took the other, as Just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I– I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all t he difference. Function of metaphor description of entities more comprehensively than in literal language (referential purpose). The second purpose is to delight, to please (pragmatic purpose). The third purpose is to show similarity between two comparable things that have one characteristic in common.Metaphors are also used to suggest the reader to think positively and beautifully to their life and world. â€Å"Love is a homeless guy searching or treasure in the middle of the rain and finding a bag of gold coins and slowly finding out they're all filled with chocolate and even though he's heart broken, he can't complain because he was hungry in the first place. â€Å"(Boo Burnham, â€Å"Love Is†) â€Å"Time, you thief†(Leigh Hunt, â€Å"Rounded†) â€Å"Memory is a crazy woman that hoards colored rags and throws away food. â€Å"(Austin Maloney) â€Å"Life is a zoo in a Jungle. (Peter De Varies) â€Å"Life is a game played on us while we are playing other games. â€Å"(Even Sear) The application of metaphor Metaphor is an important device for communication. The work of Alaska and Johnson wows the application of metaphors in cognitive linguistics, as well as cognitive anthropology, computer science, and philosophy of language also in psychology. In psychology, the work of Alaska and Johnson shows interest in study of metaphor in cognitive and clinical psychology. In a cognitive perspective, metaphor is example of mental model as well as analogical reasoning and problem solving.Analogies and metaphors make sense f the word. Gentler (1983) argues that metaphors help to understanding, decision- making, and action. Duke (1994) shows the effect of metaphor in applied field of software ergonomics. Tahiti, Photos and Grasses (1999) represent the effect of metaphor in communication process. Clinical psychology, concentrate on the role of metaphor in communication processes in psychotherapy. Imagery Imagery is not only the representation of v isual image in our mind. Imagery is more complex. And can be categorize in five types, each relevant to one of our sense.Newark claims that language refers to visual image and metaphor is the language reference to other senses. Hearing and touch are more powerful than taste and smell. Different type of imagery Visual images are mental pictures that are constructed in your mind. It means that in order to compare two things use picture rather than word. For example: the Tavern was worn down with age, the wooden bar chipping away, the floors looking black from the dirt, and the ceiling carrying dark brown stains from water damage. Auditory images relate to sound. It is a form of mental imagery that is used to organize sound.This image divided to two auditory modalities; verbal imagery and vividness and detail of auditory imagery depend on the background and condition of brain. As an example of auditory imagery we can express from an ode: â€Å"Or sinking as the light wind lives or die s; And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn; Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft, And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. † Kinesthesia images: where the reader can imagine the movements and action of a person or an object.For example: his body moved fluidly throughout the obstacle course, dodging every object thrown at him with agility and grace while speeding down the path. Olfactory images which refers to smell of the odors and scents. Example: the perfume she sprayed reminded her of the sweet and calming scent of mangos and vanilla, a wave of relaxation soon overcoming her. Gustatory images refer to the words in your mind that make you think of taste. For example: the artificial cherry taste of the cough medicine was overly flowery and sweet. Tactile image: allow reader to imagine a feel or texture of certain things.As an example: the blanket was as soft as cotton and as smooth as silk. Organic imagery which is the imagination of feeling what the character feels, such as thirst, hunger. As an example: he was completely drained of energy, his knees buckling from carrying his own weight and eyes drooping from exhaustion. Imagery used in three senses in literary eroticism: in the broad sense, the image need not be mental pictures. In narrow sense, imagery is description of visual objects and senses. The third, imagery means figurative language. Function of imagery Imagery is used in poetry and literature.In poetry is as a backbone of poem because imagery used in poem to evoke a response in reader. Imagery has different connotation and meaning, but for the poet they convey a complete human experience in every few words. Imagery in literature is a collection of techniques that appeal to the senses. There are two main types of language used in literature: secretive and figurative: in the descriptive language we can refer to the senses directly, while in the figurative language we should use some description and invoke other meaning. To create imagery in literature, both types of languages are used.The descriptive language use imagery directly to create a vivid, realistic description of the sense. This describes the appearance and setting, the different senses. Comprehension of metaphor There are some theories related to metaphor comprehension: 1 . Interaction theory: (proposed by Richards (1965), black (1962)), in this view the interaction between tenor and vehicle creates metaphor. . Mapping theory: (proposed by Alaska(1987)), this view use the terms of â€Å"source domain† and â€Å"target domain† to show the directionality of relation between these domains that called mapping. 3.Blending theory: in metaphor there are two psychological spaces: source psychological space and target psychological space. These two spaces make a new space. The sense of metaphor called generic space. If the source, target and generic spaces create a new space metaphor is mad e. Metaphor translation According to Newark, â€Å"whilst the central problem of translation is the overall choice translation of metaphor†. Unremarkable; 104) In order to interpretation of metaphors, translator can choose among some possibilities: 1 . Exact equivalence of original metaphor, 2. A metaphorical phrase which express a similar sense, 3.Untranslatable metaphor replaced with approximate literal paraphrase Problems relating to metaphor translation Adage points out â€Å"since a metaphor in SSL is, by definition, a semantic novelty, it can clearly have no existing equivalence in the TTL†. Another problem relates to what Limier claims † most words in a language have absorbed cultural aspects and historical experiences†. Metaphors often are culture-bound, and the best way for translation is direct translation. Metaphor as an issue in translation study Prescription versus description These two polarities (prescription and description) are one aspect o f translation problem.The advocates of prescriptive approach are Nadia, Van den Broke, Newark and the advocates of descriptive approach are Tour, Snell Horny, Baker. (Fernando et al 2003:61) These approaches seeking SST faithfulness have been increasingly disregarded in favor of target oriented studies, which had an impact on the concept of equivalence. Transgenic equivalence thus doesn't pursue ‘perfect' but rather ‘acceptable' rendering (Arabian-Lavaliere's) Classical versus conceptual perspective Another classification in study of metaphor is the polarities of classical and conceptual approach.While the principal of these two approaches are different, in recent decades some attempts have been done to combine these two approaches. In the classical view, metaphor was a rhetorical figure or a device to add interest to the text. At the same time, metaphor has been seen as something interesting, peripheral, as an object in realm of poetic rather than empirical analysis. Tr aditional understanding of metaphor as a figure of speech has been recently replaced with a more complex conceptual, cognitive approach(Schaeffer 2004).The publication of ‘Metaphors we live by (1980) by Alaska and Johnson change the whole world of study. In recent years the new conceptual view of metaphor is the most important view. Alaska and Johnson argues that marathons are nothing less than demonstration of the whole system of experience and thought of human society- in other words, â€Å"metaphor permeate and pervade both languages and thought†( Fernando 2003:65). So metaphor is an expression of conceptual mapping, while this view is the same of lassie view but it is said that mapping is a surface demonstration of the relation in a deeper level.Descriptive: _cultural Horny(1988-95), Towboats(1993) _(UN)translatability and cultural overlap(Adage(1976-1987) _(UN)translatability and structure of cultural information(Van Den Broke(1981) Prescriptive keeping the same me taphorical image _changing it into a simile _substituting by equivalent metaphor in the TTL _keeping the same metaphorical image and adding explanation _paraphrase Horny(1988-1995) claims that some abstract rule cannot describe metaphor, and the unction of metaphor within a context should be considered.Newark never said anything about the choice from among the procedure. Alaska and Johnson argue that â€Å"the metaphors that are most alive and most deeply entrenched, efficient and powerful are those that are so automatic as to be unconscious and effortless†. In recent work related to metaphor translation, the cognitive approach is adopted by different theorists and statisticians. They look at the metaphor not as stereotyped types, but as a process of mapping between two different domains that called the source domain and target domain.For example in the statement â€Å"this room is an oven† the target domain is our understanding of the concept of heat for it is the con cept we wish to express through the metaphor. The source domain is conceptualized as â€Å"an enclosed heated compartment_ an extremely hot place, which is vehicle for the metaphorical transfer. The whole metaphor can be expressed as â€Å"heat is an enclosed heated compartment. † The selection of translation method In order to preserve the image of metaphor 1 . Literal translation: the image in the target text is the same image transferred from source text. 2.The image in source text is replaced by another form in 3. Image is transferred but annotation is added. This is used when target text. There are cultural differences. So by the use of annotation the reader with different cultural background can understand metaphor. Mapping In this view instead of terms tenor and vehicle, two other terms are used that called source domain and target domain. In this theory, metaphor is the projection from source domain to target domain. Mapping between these two domains helps the reader to understand conceptual metaphor and the translator to translate effectively. Translation of metaphor: 1 .There isn't the same metaphor In the target text 2. The metaphor existing in target text, but the mapping doesn't follow directly. There are three possible reasons for this. -in target text another meaning is created. -the mapping doesn't occur in target language -the mapping has restriction. Now the choice of translator depends on the existence of conceptual metaphor. If the conceptual metaphor doesn't exist in target language, the translator has two choices: whether translate literally and add an explanation or without any consideration to mage-schematic mapping, translate the meaning of metaphor.But if conceptual metaphors are the same in source or target language the translation is as follow: if mapped instance is the same, an exact translation is used. And if different mapping is created in target language there are two choices: Use an explanatory simile or an instance wi th the same meaning is replaced. Finally if there isn't image-schema mapping in two languages, an explanatory simile is used or explanation added to direct translation. Cognitive approach Mandible In this model the cultural beliefs and values between two culturally different faculty is added when cultural differences are existed.If cultural background of two language readers is the same so we can say mapping conditions in the SSL and TTL are similar, and cultural gap create different mapping condition. These two conditions are basic terms used in mandible's Cognitive Translation Hypothesis. Mandible(1995) argues that translation of metaphor with a similar mapping condition(SCM) is simple and less time-consuming. When translator face with different mapping condition(DIM), has some choices: rendering the metaphor to simile, paraphrasing, footnote, explanation and omission.Mandible intended to show the translator needs to make a shift between mapping condition of source and target lang uage. Coves Coves (2005) expresses the regularities of the ways conceptual metaphors are expressed linguistically in different languages. In this model the translation of sixteen English metaphorical linguistic expression of â€Å"Time is money' metaphor as described in Alaska and Johnson is examined. Coves characterized each example by one or several patterns to show whether the form, literal meaning, figurative meaning, conceptual metaphor are similar or different.He compares the linguistic expression of conceptual metaphor in two languages of English and Hungarian. He explain that different kind of possibilities or patterns are as follows: a. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions and similar lexical implementations. B. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions but different lexical implementations. C. Metaphors of different mapping conditions but similar lexical implementations. D. Metaphors of different mapping conditions and different lexical implementations.AH Hosanna In the criticism of Mandible approach, AH Hosanna(2007) added one scheme, and present three schemas for metaphor translation. . Metaphors with similar mapping condition ( these are cultural universal SSL metaphors) 2. Metaphors have similar mapping condition but lexically implemented in different way( in this category, the ethical system in the TTL and SSL make metaphors different in lexical aspect) 3. Metaphors have different mapping condition( include culture-bound SSL metaphors) AH Hosanna also criticizes the Naiad's equivalents.Nadia believes that the translation should create the same response in TTL reader as in the SSL reader. AH Hosanna claims that this equivalence is impossible practically and can be applied only under two notations: the translator knows the experience and world view of TTL readership or translator knows the best way to adapt text with experience of TTL readership. Alaska and Johnson(1980) believe that metaphor is not only a linguistic things, but also is perceive d in thought and action.So in the cognitive view of metaphor, the psychological, coloratura and linguistic aspects are considered. Another model for metaphor translation is the model of Schaeffer(2004) and Strainers(1993). Their approach is descriptive. The political texts in English and German are compared. Schaffer express five type of metaphor translation. . Manifestation having been accounted for at the micro-level 2. Structural components of the base conceptual schema in the SST are replaced by expression that make entailment's explicit. 3. Metaphor is more elaborate in TTT. . SST and TTT employ different metaphorical expressions which can be combined under a more abstract conceptual metaphor. 5. The expression in teeth reflects a They criticize the models of Mandible(1995), Coves(2005), and AH Hosannas(2007). They noted that translation of metaphors in this model is different from mapping condition and lexical implementation. In this model there are six logically possible sche mes on a cog native basis. Some English metaphors and their Persian subtitles in 3 American movies (Face off, Con Air, Speed) are considered.These six schemes are as follows: 1. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions and similar lexical implementation For example: I'd like to stand on my own two feet Definition: to become independent Translation in Persian: The word for word translation: I'd like to stand on my own feet 2. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions but different lexical implementations. For example: she is real 10. Definition: talented and knowledgeable Translation in Persian: The word for word translation: she is 20. 3.Metaphors of different mapping conditions but similar lexical implementations. For example: he calls his teacher by his first name. Definition: to have a friendly relation with Translation in Persian: ss Is-a The word for word translation: he calls his teacher by his first name. 4. Metaphors of different mapping conditions and different lexical impleme ntations. For example: somebody gets the gasohol out here Definition: annoying person Translation in Persian: The word for word translation: somebody get the stick out of here. The SSL metaphor doesn't exist in TTL For example: he is a late bloomer There isn't any equivalent in TTL So the TTL speaker use literal language to explain 6. The TTL metaphor doesn't exist in the SSL (the SSL speaker use literal language, TTL speaker conceptualize an identity in metaphorical structure. Metaphor in Persian poems In Persian poetry, especially the lyric (odes), feeling, thought and situation or even the persons are described by metaphor. There are two reasons for this; first of all are the poetic aspects of metaphor; the other reason is that it is politically incorrect to express feeling explicitly.Different aspects of love and characteristics of beloved, nature, wine are described by metaphor. Hafiz employs metaphor to mask his real meaning. He uses code words which do not represent their ord inary meaning. Metaphoric wine Wine is used in Persian poetry either in actual sense or in metaphoric sense. Hafiz sometimes use wine to refer to beloved, friend, teacher or master or God. Attar also refers to wine metaphorically as follow: 15 Metaphor in describing beloved: The beloved often is image of an idealized abstract entity rather than a physical

Free Essays on Teenage Pregnacy

In recent years, teenage pregnancy has been labeled a major issue amongst teens that it can be known as an â€Å"Epidemic.† Is teenage pregnancy directly responsible for a host of society’s ills? Increasing teenage pregnancy rate translates directly into increasing rates of â€Å"school failure,† early behavioral problems, drug abuse, child abuse, depression, and crimes. Many social problems can be directly attributed to the poor choices of teenage girls. The talk shows today are flooded by episodes dealing with teen pregnancies. The teenage rate in the United States declined in 1993 and 1994. Unfortunately, the number of birth decreased only to older teens, ages 18 and 19. Babies born to teens younger than 17 actually increased, reflecting a growing population of younger girls who are what we now euphemistically call â€Å"sexually active.† The number of girls aged 14-17 will increase by more than a million between 1996 and 2005. Increasing numbers of children born to children are likely to repeat the devastating cycles of almost everything bad-teenage pregnancy, school failures, early behavioral problems, drug abuse, child abuse, depression and crime. Has anyone ever heard of a child who is happy because he does not know his father? Being a child of a single mother is a handicap, regardless of the wealth, maturity, or social status of that mother. Growing up as the child of a single parent is linked with lower levels of academic achievement (have to repeat grades in school or receiving lower marks and class standings); increased levels of depression; stress and aggression; a decrease in some indicated for physical health; higher incidences of needing services of mental health professionals; and other emotional and behavioral problems. All these effects are linked with lifetime in poverty, poor achievement, and susceptibility to suicide, likelihood of committing crimes and being arrested, and other issues. When children... Free Essays on Teenage Pregnacy Free Essays on Teenage Pregnacy In recent years, teenage pregnancy has been labeled a major issue amongst teens that it can be known as an â€Å"Epidemic.† Is teenage pregnancy directly responsible for a host of society’s ills? Increasing teenage pregnancy rate translates directly into increasing rates of â€Å"school failure,† early behavioral problems, drug abuse, child abuse, depression, and crimes. Many social problems can be directly attributed to the poor choices of teenage girls. The talk shows today are flooded by episodes dealing with teen pregnancies. The teenage rate in the United States declined in 1993 and 1994. Unfortunately, the number of birth decreased only to older teens, ages 18 and 19. Babies born to teens younger than 17 actually increased, reflecting a growing population of younger girls who are what we now euphemistically call â€Å"sexually active.† The number of girls aged 14-17 will increase by more than a million between 1996 and 2005. Increasing numbers of children born to children are likely to repeat the devastating cycles of almost everything bad-teenage pregnancy, school failures, early behavioral problems, drug abuse, child abuse, depression and crime. Has anyone ever heard of a child who is happy because he does not know his father? Being a child of a single mother is a handicap, regardless of the wealth, maturity, or social status of that mother. Growing up as the child of a single parent is linked with lower levels of academic achievement (have to repeat grades in school or receiving lower marks and class standings); increased levels of depression; stress and aggression; a decrease in some indicated for physical health; higher incidences of needing services of mental health professionals; and other emotional and behavioral problems. All these effects are linked with lifetime in poverty, poor achievement, and susceptibility to suicide, likelihood of committing crimes and being arrested, and other issues. When children...

Attention Deficit Disorder Essays

Attention Deficit Disorder Essays Attention Deficit Disorder Essay Attention Deficit Disorder Essay Attention deficit disorder (ADD) is a psychosomatic condition characterized by serious and persistent difficulties in the following three specific areas: Attention span, Impulse control and Hyperactivity (sometimes). ADD is a chronic disorder that can begin in infancy and extend through adulthood in most cases. Symptoms commonly found among children with ADD under the Attention span criteria include short attention span, making careless mistakes, difficulty in performing/finishing tasks, not listening/following instructions, easily distracted, loses things and forgetful in daily activities. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may show symptoms such as fidgeting or screaming in seat, excessive running or climbing at inappropriate time, restlessness of hands or feet and excessive talking. Other symptoms due to Impulsiveness include interrupting a conversation, or blurting out answers before question is completed and has difficulty awaiting turn. Students with ADD/ADHD have different needs and so they require a special learning environment. To establish the proper learning environment, seat students with ADD near the teachers desk, but include them as part of the regular class seating. Avoid distracting stimuli and transitions, physical relocation, changes in schedules and disruptions. Be creative! Produce a stimuli-reduced study area. Let all students have access to this area so the student with ADD will not feel different. When giving instruction, maintain eye contact, make directions clear and simple and avoid multiple commands. Monitor students frequently and maintain a supportive attitude. Avoid ridicule and criticism. Instead, reward more than you punish to build self-esteem.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to give special attention and education to students with disabilities, The Individuals Disabilities Education Act of 1997 (IDEA 97) was created. Through the 6 principles of IDEA children with disabilities can have access to a free appropriate and specialized public education. Well-trained evaluators can properly evaluate them and so their specific needs can be met. Students with disabilities can learn in a regular classroom and need not to be isolated from the normal students. They can live a normal life despite their disabilities. The Act also strengthens the role of parents in the education of their children thus making learning more effective. References Teaching Children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Retrieved September 1998, from ERIC EC Digest #E569 Website: http://ericec.org/digests/e569.html

Health Care and Education of Homeless People in the USA Research Paper

Health Care and Education of Homeless People in the USA - Research Paper Example As a function of performing the research that has informed this particular research paper, the student came to an overall understanding with regards to the level and extent to which homelessness effects individuals within the United States, the true level of the unspoken nature of the homeless problem, and some of the tell-tale health concerns that are endemic to these populations. It is, therefore, the hope of this author that by elaborating on these concerns and integrating with the reader the full extent of the situation. With regards to the full extent of the problem, a cursory review of the literature reveals the fact that one of the fastest growing segments of homeless within the United States is families with young children. This is especially troublesome on a number of different fronts. Firstly, due to the fact that these individuals have a difficult time providing for themselves; let alone their children. Secondly, it can and should be understood that homelessness among young children not only has a profound sociological and psychological impact upon development but can also adversely impact upon health as well as overall level of educational attainment. Due to the fact that no residence is available for the family to reside, the level and extent to which education can be continued at any particular school are immediately called into question. As the research stated, only 87% of homeless youth are enrolled in school and only 77% attend class regularly (National Coalition for the Homeless, n.d.). Further, the research has noted that a full range of medical conditions plagues the homeless population of the United States. Many of these conditions are as a direct result of the exposure and lack of shelter that these individuals must integrate with on a daily basis; however, some of them are born out of the psychological effects and temptations that the homeless condition necessarily brings.  

The Ethical Way Forward for Procurement of Organs Dissertation - 1

The Ethical Way Forward for Procurement of Organs - Dissertation Example According to the research organ procurement is the set of procedures that includes administrative, authoritative and ethical processes observed in the acquisition of organs for transplant via affiliations, systems or programs. The entire organ procurement procedure includes by consent seeking from the donors or donors’ relatives or acquaintances and the transportation of the organs so obtained from the donor through tissue harvesting to the respective health centres for further medical processing and eventual transplant into the recipient. Organ procurement began as a basic endeavour when affiliations that specialized in kidney transplantation obtained organs and used them to save other lives in the same facility. As the demand for organs and speciality in the transplantation of other solid organs as the heart, small intestines, pancreas liver and lungs among others augmented in the society, the dire need of developing enhanced and ethical organ procurement, distribution and s haring agreements was acknowledged. Because of the high demand for organs for transplant in contemporary times, numerous organizations, through the efforts of physicians, scholars and medical personnel, are operating to counteract the looming shortage to avoid deaths. I would wish to expound on this aspect by drawing an instance of organizations that are pertinent to enhance the entire organ procurement procedures. This addresses the dire need for organizations to come up to ensure that organ procurement continues as it should. For instance, affiliations and networks such as the SEROPP, SEOPF and OPTN in the US were formed that operated within the constitution to introduce efficient organ procurement enhancements that resulted into the betterment of the entire process. Some of the enhancements include tissue typing, computerized kidney-matching, educational programs regarding organ procurement and government controlled systems that improved and controlled identification of organ don ors (Mary et al. 2010). The procurement procedure is a procedural process that involves initial identification of brain-dead givers. The concerned physician conducts this practice. Hospital guidelines and the laws of the state are extremely imperative in the determination of the brain-dead patients. The patients stay under ventilator machines as physicians conduct further procedures on them. On completion of verification of brain death of the patient, the procurement body gives the guidelines and details of what needs to occur before transplantation. The core purpose of contacting the procurement plant is to allow discussion with the family of the deceased regarding procurement of the donor tissues or organs for further transplantation. Procurement body consultation is consummately augments consent by the concerned